Optimized

cmake/targets/knulli.cmake

@@ -43,4 +43,5 @@ target_compile_definitions(${DUSK_LIBRARY_TARGET_NAME} PUBLIC
   DUSK_INPUT_POINTER
   DUSK_INPUT_GAMEPAD
   DUSK_TIME_DYNAMIC
+  DUSK_THREAD_PTHREAD
 )

cmake/targets/vita.cmake

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ target_compile_definitions(${DUSK_LIBRARY_TARGET_NAME} PUBLIC
   DUSK_OPENGL_LEGACY
   DUSK_DISPLAY_WIDTH=960
   DUSK_DISPLAY_HEIGHT=544
+  DUSK_THREAD_PTHREAD
 )
 
 # Post-build: create SELF from the ELF binary (UNSAFE = homebrew, no signing)

src/dusk/animation/easing.c

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 #include "easing.h"
 #include "assert/assert.h"
-#include "util/math.h"
 
 const easingfn_t EASING_FUNCTIONS[EASING_COUNT] = {
   easingLinear,
@@ -36,15 +35,15 @@ float_t easingLinear(const float_t t) {
 }
 
 float_t easingInSine(const float_t t) {
-  return 1.0f - cosf(t * MATH_PI * 0.5f);
+  return 1.0f - cosf(t * EASING_PI * 0.5f);
 }
 
 float_t easingOutSine(const float_t t) {
-  return sinf(t * MATH_PI * 0.5f);
+  return sinf(t * EASING_PI * 0.5f);
 }
 
 float_t easingInOutSine(const float_t t) {
-  return -(cosf(MATH_PI * t) - 1.0f) * 0.5f;
+  return -(cosf(EASING_PI * t) - 1.0f) * 0.5f;
 }
 
 float_t easingInQuad(const float_t t) {

src/dusk/asset/loader/assetloader.h

@@ -84,6 +84,25 @@ extern assetloadercallbacks_t ASSET_LOADER_CALLBACKS[ASSET_LOADER_TYPE_COUNT];
   } \
 }
 
+/**
+ * Like @ref assetLoaderErrorChain, but also frees `_ptr` (via memoryFree)
+ * before chaining the error if `_expr` failed. Use this for any loader step
+ * that runs after a buffer has already been allocated, so a later I/O
+ * failure doesn't leak it.
+ *
+ * @param loading The asset loading slot.
+ * @param _ptr A heap pointer to free if `_expr` fails.
+ * @param _expr The error return value to check and chain if it's an error.
+ */
+#define assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, _ptr, _expr) {\
+  errorret_t _alecf = (_expr); \
+  if(errorIsNotOk(_alecf)) { \
+    memoryFree(_ptr); \
+    (loading)->entry->state = ASSET_ENTRY_STATE_ERROR; \
+    errorChain(_alecf); \
+  } \
+}
+
 /**
  * Shorthand method to both throw an error (against the loader state) and to
  * set the asset entry state to error.

src/dusk/asset/loader/display/assettilesetloader.c

@@ -27,11 +27,12 @@ errorret_t assetTilesetLoaderAsync(assetloading_t *loading) {
     assetFileInit(file, loading->entry->name, NULL, NULL)
   );
 
-  uint8_t *data = memoryAllocate(file->size);
   assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileOpen(file));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileRead(file, data, file->size));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileClose(file));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileDispose(file));
+
+  uint8_t *data = memoryAllocate(file->size);
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, data, assetFileRead(file, data, file->size));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, data, assetFileClose(file));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, data, assetFileDispose(file));
   assertTrue(
     file->lastRead == file->size,
     "Failed to read entire tileset file."
@@ -102,6 +103,11 @@ errorret_t assetTilesetLoaderSync(assetloading_t *loading) {
   out->uv[0] = endianLittleToHostFloat(*(float *)(data + 16));
   out->uv[1] = endianLittleToHostFloat(*(float *)(data + 20));
 
+  if(out->uv[0] < 0.0f || out->uv[0] > 1.0f) {
+    memoryFree(data);
+    assetLoaderErrorThrow(loading, "Invalid u0 value in tileset");
+  }
+
   if(out->uv[1] < 0.0f || out->uv[1] > 1.0f) {
     memoryFree(data);
     assetLoaderErrorThrow(loading, "Invalid v0 value in tileset");

src/dusk/asset/loader/dmf/assetmeshloader.c

@@ -27,11 +27,12 @@ errorret_t assetMeshLoaderAsync(assetloading_t *loading) {
     assetFileInit(file, loading->entry->name, NULL, NULL)
   );
 
-  uint8_t *raw = memoryAllocate(file->size);
   assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileOpen(file));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileRead(file, raw, file->size));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileClose(file));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileDispose(file));
+
+  uint8_t *raw = memoryAllocate(file->size);
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, raw, assetFileRead(file, raw, file->size));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, raw, assetFileClose(file));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, raw, assetFileDispose(file));
   assertTrue(file->lastRead == file->size, "Failed to read entire DMF file.");
 
   if(raw[0] != 'D' || raw[1] != 'M' || raw[2] != 'F') {

src/dusk/asset/loader/json/assetjsonloader.c

@@ -32,13 +32,14 @@ errorret_t assetJsonLoaderAsync(assetloading_t *loading) {
     assetLoaderErrorThrow(loading, "JSON exceeds maximum allowed size");
   }
 
+  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileOpen(file));
+
   size_t fileSize = (size_t)file->size;
   uint8_t *buffer = memoryAllocate(fileSize);
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileOpen(file));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileRead(file, buffer, fileSize));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, buffer, assetFileRead(file, buffer, fileSize));
   assertTrue(file->lastRead == file->size, "Failed to read entire JSON file.");
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileClose(file));
-  assetLoaderErrorChain(loading, assetFileDispose(file));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, buffer, assetFileClose(file));
+  assetLoaderErrorChainFree(loading, buffer, assetFileDispose(file));
 
   loading->loading.json.buffer = buffer;
   loading->loading.json.size = fileSize;

src/dusk/asset/loader/locale/assetlocaleloader.c

@@ -482,6 +482,24 @@ errorret_t assetLocaleGetString(
   assertTrue(pluralCount >= 0, "Plural index cannot be negative.");
   assertNotNull(stringBuffer, "String buffer cannot be NULL.");
   assertTrue(stringBufferSize > 0, "String buffer size must be > 0");
+
+  // Check the cache before rewinding/rescanning the whole file.
+  for(uint8_t i = 0; i < ASSET_LOCALE_STRING_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
+    assetlocalecacheentry_t *entry = &file->stringCache[i];
+    if(
+      !entry->valid ||
+      entry->pluralCount != pluralCount ||
+      stringCompare(messageId, entry->messageId) != 0
+    ) continue;
+
+    size_t valueLen = strlen(entry->value);
+    if(valueLen >= stringBufferSize) {
+      errorThrow("String buffer overflow");
+    }
+    memoryCopy(stringBuffer, entry->value, valueLen + 1);
+    errorOk();
+  }
+
   assetfilelinereader_t reader;
 
   bool_t msgidFound = false, msgidPluralFound = false, msgstrFound = false;
@@ -625,6 +643,20 @@ errorret_t assetLocaleGetString(
     errorThrow("Failed to find msgstr for message ID: %s", messageId);
   }
 
+  // Cache the resolved string for future lookups, if it fits.
+  if(
+    strlen(messageId) < ASSET_LOCALE_CACHE_MESSAGE_ID_MAX &&
+    strlen(stringBuffer) < ASSET_LOCALE_CACHE_VALUE_MAX
+  ) {
+    assetlocalecacheentry_t *entry = &file->stringCache[file->stringCacheNext];
+    stringCopy(entry->messageId, messageId, sizeof(entry->messageId) - 1);
+    stringCopy(entry->value, stringBuffer, sizeof(entry->value) - 1);
+    entry->pluralCount = pluralCount;
+    entry->valid = true;
+    file->stringCacheNext =
+      (file->stringCacheNext + 1) % ASSET_LOCALE_STRING_CACHE_SIZE;
+  }
+
   errorOk();
 }
 

src/dusk/asset/loader/locale/assetlocaleloader.h

@@ -28,6 +28,27 @@ typedef struct {
 /** Maximum number of distinct plural forms a locale file may declare. */
 #define ASSET_LOCALE_FILE_PLURAL_FORM_COUNT 6
 
+/** Max distinct resolved strings cached per open locale file. */
+#define ASSET_LOCALE_STRING_CACHE_SIZE 16
+
+/** Max message ID length (incl. null terminator) storable in the cache. */
+#define ASSET_LOCALE_CACHE_MESSAGE_ID_MAX 128
+
+/** Max resolved string length (incl. null terminator) storable in the cache. */
+#define ASSET_LOCALE_CACHE_VALUE_MAX 256
+
+/**
+ * A single cached (messageId, pluralCount) -> resolved string lookup, used by
+ * @ref assetLocaleGetString to avoid rescanning the whole PO file for
+ * repeated lookups of the same message.
+ */
+typedef struct {
+  bool_t valid;
+  char_t messageId[ASSET_LOCALE_CACHE_MESSAGE_ID_MAX];
+  int32_t pluralCount;
+  char_t value[ASSET_LOCALE_CACHE_VALUE_MAX];
+} assetlocalecacheentry_t;
+
 /**
  * Comparison operator used in a plural-form expression.
  *
@@ -98,6 +119,12 @@ typedef struct {
 
   /** Form index used when no conditional clause matches. */
   uint8_t pluralDefaultIndex;
+
+  /** Ring buffer of recently resolved (messageId, pluralCount) lookups. */
+  assetlocalecacheentry_t stringCache[ASSET_LOCALE_STRING_CACHE_SIZE];
+
+  /** Next slot in @ref stringCache to overwrite. */
+  uint8_t stringCacheNext;
 } assetlocalefile_t;
 
 /** Convenience alias - the loaded output type of a locale asset entry. */

src/dusk/display/text/text.c

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ spritebatchsprite_t textGetSprite(
     tileIndex = ((int32_t)'@') - TEXT_CHAR_START;
   }
   assertTrue(
-    tileIndex >= 0 && tileIndex <= font->tileset->tileCount,
+    tileIndex >= 0 && tileIndex < font->tileset->tileCount,
     "Character is out of bounds for font tiles"
   );
 

src/dusk/entity/component.c

@@ -105,10 +105,6 @@ entityid_t componentGetEntitiesWithComponent(
       componentGetIndex(i,used) < ENTITY_COUNT_MAX*ENTITY_COMPONENT_COUNT_MAX,
       "Component index OOB in entitiesWithComponent lookup"
     );
-    assertTrue(
-      ENTITY_MANAGER.components[componentGetIndex(i,used)].type == type,
-      "Component type mismatch in entitiesWithComponent lookup"
-    );
     outComponents[written] = used;
     outEntities[written++] = i;
   }

src/dusk/entity/component/display/entityposition.c

@@ -220,9 +220,15 @@ entityposition_t *entityPositionGet(
 void entityPositionRebuild(entityposition_t *pos) {
   glm_mat4_identity(pos->localTransform);
   glm_translate(pos->localTransform, pos->position);
-  glm_rotate_x(pos->localTransform, pos->rotation[0], pos->localTransform);
-  glm_rotate_y(pos->localTransform, pos->rotation[1], pos->localTransform);
-  glm_rotate_z(pos->localTransform, pos->rotation[2], pos->localTransform);
+  if(pos->rotation[0] != 0.0f) {
+    glm_rotate_x(pos->localTransform, pos->rotation[0], pos->localTransform);
+  }
+  if(pos->rotation[1] != 0.0f) {
+    glm_rotate_y(pos->localTransform, pos->rotation[1], pos->localTransform);
+  }
+  if(pos->rotation[2] != 0.0f) {
+    glm_rotate_z(pos->localTransform, pos->rotation[2], pos->localTransform);
+  }
   glm_scale(pos->localTransform, pos->scale);
   entityPositionMarkDirty(pos);
 }

src/dusk/physics/physicsworld.c

@@ -14,6 +14,35 @@
 
 physicsworld_t PHYSICS_WORLD;
 
+/** Below this squared speed, a grounded body is considered at rest. */
+#define PHYSICS_REST_VELOCITY_EPSILON_SQ 0.0001f
+
+/**
+ * Computes a conservative (never-too-small) AABB half-extent for a shape,
+ * used as a cheap broad-phase pre-filter before the full narrow-phase test.
+ * Returns false for unbounded shapes (planes), which skip the pre-filter.
+ */
+static bool_t physicsShapeBroadphaseExtents(
+  const physicsshape_t shape, vec3 outHalfExtents
+) {
+  switch(shape.type) {
+    case PHYSICS_SHAPE_CUBE:
+      glm_vec3_copy((float_t *)shape.data.cube.halfExtents, outHalfExtents);
+      return true;
+    case PHYSICS_SHAPE_SPHERE:
+      outHalfExtents[0] = outHalfExtents[1] = outHalfExtents[2] =
+        shape.data.sphere.radius;
+      return true;
+    case PHYSICS_SHAPE_CAPSULE:
+      outHalfExtents[0] = outHalfExtents[2] = shape.data.capsule.radius;
+      outHalfExtents[1] =
+        shape.data.capsule.radius + shape.data.capsule.halfHeight;
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
 void physicsWorldInit() {
   memoryZero(&PHYSICS_WORLD, sizeof(physicsworld_t));
 
@@ -34,6 +63,8 @@ void physicsWorldStep(const float_t dt) {
   /* Pre-fetch all position and physics pointers once. */
   entityposition_t *positions[ENTITY_COUNT_MAX];
   entityphysics_t  *physBodies[ENTITY_COUNT_MAX];
+  vec3 boundsHalfExtents[ENTITY_COUNT_MAX];
+  bool_t boundsValid[ENTITY_COUNT_MAX];
   for(entityid_t i = 0; i < physCount; i++) {
     componentid_t posComp = entityGetComponent(
       physEnts[i], COMPONENT_TYPE_POSITION
@@ -42,6 +73,9 @@ void physicsWorldStep(const float_t dt) {
       ? entityPositionGet(physEnts[i], posComp)
       : NULL;
     physBodies[i] = entityPhysicsGet(physEnts[i], physComps[i]);
+    boundsValid[i] = physicsShapeBroadphaseExtents(
+      physBodies[i]->shape, boundsHalfExtents[i]
+    );
   }
 
   /* Phase 1: integrate dynamic bodies (gravity + velocity → position).
@@ -51,8 +85,16 @@ void physicsWorldStep(const float_t dt) {
     entityphysics_t *phys = physBodies[i];
     if(phys->type != PHYSICS_BODY_DYNAMIC) continue;
 
+    // A body resting from the previous tick skips gravity/velocity
+    // integration this tick, but still takes part in phases 2/3 below so it
+    // correctly notices being pushed or its support disappearing.
+    bool_t wasResting = phys->onGround &&
+      glm_vec3_norm2(phys->velocity) < PHYSICS_REST_VELOCITY_EPSILON_SQ;
+
     phys->onGround = false;
 
+    if(wasResting) continue;
+
     phys->velocity[0] += PHYSICS_WORLD.gravity[0] * phys->gravityScale * dt;
     phys->velocity[1] += PHYSICS_WORLD.gravity[1] * phys->gravityScale * dt;
     phys->velocity[2] += PHYSICS_WORLD.gravity[2] * phys->gravityScale * dt;
@@ -76,6 +118,15 @@ void physicsWorldStep(const float_t dt) {
       entityphysics_t *otherPhys = physBodies[j];
       if(otherPhys->type == PHYSICS_BODY_DYNAMIC) continue;
 
+      if(boundsValid[i] && boundsValid[j]) {
+        vec3 bpNormal; float_t bpDepth;
+        if(!physicsTestAabbVsAabb(
+          pos, boundsHalfExtents[i],
+          positions[j]->position, boundsHalfExtents[j],
+          bpNormal, &bpDepth
+        )) continue;
+      }
+
       vec3 normal; float_t depth;
       if(!physicsTestShapeVsShape(
         pos, phys->shape,
@@ -113,6 +164,15 @@ void physicsWorldStep(const float_t dt) {
 
       float_t *posB = positions[j]->position;
 
+      if(boundsValid[i] && boundsValid[j]) {
+        vec3 bpNormal; float_t bpDepth;
+        if(!physicsTestAabbVsAabb(
+          posA, boundsHalfExtents[i],
+          posB, boundsHalfExtents[j],
+          bpNormal, &bpDepth
+        )) continue;
+      }
+
       vec3 normal; float_t depth;
       if(!physicsTestShapeVsShape(
         posA, physA->shape, posB, physB->shape, normal, &depth

src/dusk/scene/scene.c

@@ -19,6 +19,16 @@ scene_t SCENE;
 
 errorret_t sceneInit(void) {
   memoryZero(&SCENE, sizeof(scene_t));
+
+  // Fixed for the lifetime of the scene manager; computed once here.
+  glm_mat4_identity(SCENE.screenIdentity);
+  glm_lookat(
+    (vec3){ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
+    (vec3){ 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },
+    (vec3){ 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
+    SCENE.screenView
+  );
+
   errorOk();
 }
 
@@ -58,22 +68,25 @@ errorret_t sceneUpdate(void) {
 }
 
 errorret_t sceneRender(void) {
-  // Setup screen matrices for 3D rendering.
-  glm_mat4_identity(SCENE.screenIdentity);
-  
-  glm_ortho(
-    0.0f, (float_t)(SCREEN.width / SCREEN.scaleUi),
-    (float_t)(SCREEN.height / SCREEN.scaleUi), 0.0f,
-    0.1f, 100.0f,
-    SCENE.screenProj
-  );
+  // Recompute the UI ortho projection only when its inputs actually change.
+  if(
+    !SCENE.screenProjValid ||
+    SCENE.cachedScreenWidth != SCREEN.width ||
+    SCENE.cachedScreenHeight != SCREEN.height ||
+    SCENE.cachedScreenScaleUi != SCREEN.scaleUi
+  ) {
+    glm_ortho(
+      0.0f, (float_t)(SCREEN.width / SCREEN.scaleUi),
+      (float_t)(SCREEN.height / SCREEN.scaleUi), 0.0f,
+      0.1f, 100.0f,
+      SCENE.screenProj
+    );
 
-  glm_lookat(
-    (vec3){ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
-    (vec3){ 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },
-    (vec3){ 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
-    SCENE.screenView
-  );
+    SCENE.cachedScreenWidth = SCREEN.width;
+    SCENE.cachedScreenHeight = SCREEN.height;
+    SCENE.cachedScreenScaleUi = SCREEN.scaleUi;
+    SCENE.screenProjValid = true;
+  }
 
   // Scene rendering
   if(

src/dusk/scene/scene.h

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ typedef struct {
   mat4 screenProj;
   mat4 screenView;
   mat4 screenIdentity;
+  int32_t cachedScreenWidth;
+  int32_t cachedScreenHeight;
+  int32_t cachedScreenScaleUi;
+  bool_t screenProjValid;
 } scene_t;
 
 extern scene_t SCENE;

src/dusk/script/scriptmanager.c

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "assert/assert.h"
 #include "asset/asset.h"
 #include "util/memory.h"
+#include "util/string.h"
 #include "scriptproto.h"
 #include "script/module/module.h"
 
@@ -120,13 +121,35 @@ static errorret_t scriptManagerFormatException(
   return err;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns a cached jerry_value_t string key for a global function name,
+ * creating and caching it on first use. Avoids re-allocating a JS string
+ * every call for names looked up every frame/tick (e.g. "update").
+ */
+static jerry_value_t scriptManagerGetGlobalKey(const char_t *name) {
+  for(uint8_t i = 0; i < SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount; i++) {
+    if(stringCompare(name, SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCache[i].name) == 0) {
+      return SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCache[i].key;
+    }
+  }
+
+  jerry_value_t key = jerry_string_sz(name);
+  assertTrue(
+    SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount < SCRIPT_MANAGER_MAX_CACHED_GLOBAL_KEYS,
+    "Global function key cache is full."
+  );
+  SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCache[SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount].name = name;
+  SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCache[SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount].key = key;
+  SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount++;
+  return key;
+}
+
 errorret_t scriptManagerCallGlobal(const char_t *name) {
   assertNotNull(name, "Function name cannot be NULL");
 
   jerry_value_t global = jerry_current_realm();
-  jerry_value_t key = jerry_string_sz(name);
+  jerry_value_t key = scriptManagerGetGlobalKey(name);
   jerry_value_t fn = jerry_object_get(global, key);
-  jerry_value_free(key);
   jerry_value_free(global);
 
   if(!jerry_value_is_function(fn)) {
@@ -176,6 +199,12 @@ errorret_t scriptManagerCallGlobal(const char_t *name) {
 
 errorret_t scriptManagerDispose(void) {
   scriptProtoDisposeAll();
+
+  for(uint8_t i = 0; i < SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount; i++) {
+    jerry_value_free(SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCache[i].key);
+  }
+  SCRIPT_MANAGER.globalKeyCacheCount = 0;
+
   jerry_cleanup();
   errorOk();
 }

src/dusk/script/scriptmanager.h

@@ -12,8 +12,15 @@
 
 #define SCRIPT_MANAGER_MAX_EVENT_SUBSCRIPTIONS 64
 
+/** Max distinct global function names cached by @ref scriptManagerCallGlobal. */
+#define SCRIPT_MANAGER_MAX_CACHED_GLOBAL_KEYS 8
+
 typedef struct {
-  void* nothing;
+  struct {
+    const char_t *name;
+    jerry_value_t key;
+  } globalKeyCache[SCRIPT_MANAGER_MAX_CACHED_GLOBAL_KEYS];
+  uint8_t globalKeyCacheCount;
 } scriptmanager_t;
 
 extern scriptmanager_t SCRIPT_MANAGER;

src/dusk/thread/threadmutex.c

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ void threadMutexLock(threadmutex_t *lock) {
 bool_t threadMutexTryLock(threadmutex_t *lock) {
   #ifdef DUSK_THREAD_PTHREAD
     return pthread_mutex_trylock(&lock->mutex) == 0;
+  #else
+    return false;
   #endif
 }
 

src/dusk/time/time.c

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 #include "util/memory.h"
 #include "assert/assert.h"
 
-#include "console/console.h"
-
 dusktime_t TIME;
 
 void timeInit(void) {
@@ -48,12 +46,6 @@ void timeUpdate(void) {
     TIME.delta = DUSK_TIME_STEP;
     TIME.time += DUSK_TIME_STEP;
   #endif
-
-  // Print time in UTC style string
-  dusktimeepoch_t epoch = timeGetEpoch();
-  char_t buffer[256];
-  timeEpochFormat(epoch, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", buffer, sizeof(buffer));
-  // consolePrint("Real Time: %s", buffer);
 }
 
 dusktimeepoch_t timeGetEpoch(void) {

src/dusk/ui/debug/uiconsole.c

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ errorret_t uiConsoleDraw(void) {
 
   float_t lineH = (float_t)FONT_DEFAULT.tileset->tileHeight;
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < CONSOLE_HISTORY_MAX; i++) {
+    if(CONSOLE.line[i][0] == '\0') continue;
     errorChain(textDraw(
       (float_t)SCREEN.scanX,
       (float_t)SCREEN.scanY + lineH * (float_t)i,

src/dusk/ui/debug/uifps.c

@@ -58,8 +58,11 @@ errorret_t uiFPSDraw() {
   ));
   errorChain(spriteBatchFlush());
 
-  int32_t versionWidth, versionHeight;
-  textMeasure(ENGINE.version, &FONT_DEFAULT, &versionWidth, &versionHeight);
+  // ENGINE.version and FONT_DEFAULT never change after boot; measure once.
+  static int32_t versionWidth = -1, versionHeight = 0;
+  if(versionWidth < 0) {
+    textMeasure(ENGINE.version, &FONT_DEFAULT, &versionWidth, &versionHeight);
+  }
   errorChain(textDraw(
     (float_t)(SCREEN.scanX + SCREEN.scanWidth - versionWidth),
     (float_t)(SCREEN.scanY + SCREEN.scanHeight - versionHeight),

src/dusk/ui/widget/uidropdown.c

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ void uiDropdownInit(
   dropdown->options = options;
   dropdown->optionCount = optionCount;
   dropdown->selectedIndex = selectedIndex < optionCount ? selectedIndex : 0;
+  textMeasure(
+    label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &dropdown->labelWidth, &dropdown->labelHeight
+  );
 }
 
 uint8_t uiDropdownGetSelectedIndex(const uidropdown_t *dropdown) {
@@ -83,9 +86,6 @@ errorret_t uiDropdownDraw(
 
   errorChain(textDraw(x, y, dropdown->label, color, &FONT_DEFAULT));
 
-  int32_t labelW, labelH;
-  textMeasure(dropdown->label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &labelW, &labelH);
-
   char_t valueText[UI_DROPDOWN_VALUE_TEXT_MAX];
   stringFormat(
     valueText, UI_DROPDOWN_VALUE_TEXT_MAX - 1, "< %s >",
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ errorret_t uiDropdownDraw(
   );
 
   errorChain(textDraw(
-    x + (float_t)labelW + UI_DROPDOWN_GAP, y, valueText, color, &FONT_DEFAULT
+    x + (float_t)dropdown->labelWidth + UI_DROPDOWN_GAP, y, valueText, color,
+    &FONT_DEFAULT
   ));
 
   errorOk();

src/dusk/ui/widget/uidropdown.h

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ typedef struct {
   uint8_t optionCount;
   uint8_t selectedIndex;
   bool_t highlighted;
+  int32_t labelWidth;
+  int32_t labelHeight;
 } uidropdown_t;
 
 /**

src/dusk/ui/widget/uislider.c

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ void uiSliderInitFloat(
   slider->max.f = max;
   slider->step.f = step;
   slider->value.f = mathClamp(value, min, max);
+  textMeasure(label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &slider->labelWidth, &slider->labelHeight);
 }
 
 void uiSliderInitInt(
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ void uiSliderInitInt(
   slider->max.i = max;
   slider->step.i = step;
   slider->value.i = mathClamp(value, min, max);
+  textMeasure(label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &slider->labelWidth, &slider->labelHeight);
 }
 
 float_t uiSliderGetFloat(const uislider_t *slider) {
@@ -151,11 +153,8 @@ errorret_t uiSliderDraw(
 
   errorChain(textDraw(x, y, slider->label, color, &FONT_DEFAULT));
 
-  int32_t labelW, labelH;
-  textMeasure(slider->label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &labelW, &labelH);
-
-  float_t trackX = x + (float_t)labelW + UI_SLIDER_GAP;
-  float_t trackY = y + ((float_t)labelH - UI_SLIDER_TRACK_HEIGHT) * 0.5f;
+  float_t trackX = x + (float_t)slider->labelWidth + UI_SLIDER_GAP;
+  float_t trackY = y + ((float_t)slider->labelHeight - UI_SLIDER_TRACK_HEIGHT) * 0.5f;
 
   spritebatchsprite_t trackSprite = {
     .min = { trackX, trackY, 0.0f },
@@ -170,7 +169,6 @@ errorret_t uiSliderDraw(
     }
   };
   errorChain(spriteBatchBuffer(&trackSprite, 1, &SHADER_UNLIT, trackMaterial));
-  errorChain(spriteBatchFlush());
 
   float_t fillWidth = UI_SLIDER_TRACK_WIDTH * uiSliderGetRatio(slider);
   if(fillWidth > 0.0f) {
@@ -187,7 +185,6 @@ errorret_t uiSliderDraw(
       }
     };
     errorChain(spriteBatchBuffer(&fillSprite, 1, &SHADER_UNLIT, fillMaterial));
-    errorChain(spriteBatchFlush());
   }
 
   int32_t stepCount = uiSliderGetStepCount(slider);
@@ -218,7 +215,6 @@ errorret_t uiSliderDraw(
       errorChain(
         spriteBatchBuffer(&markerSprite, 1, &SHADER_UNLIT, markerMaterial)
       );
-      errorChain(spriteBatchFlush());
     }
   }
 

src/dusk/ui/widget/uislider.h

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ typedef struct {
   uislidervalue_t max;
   uislidervalue_t step;
   bool_t highlighted;
+  int32_t labelWidth;
+  int32_t labelHeight;
 } uislider_t;
 
 /**

src/dusk/ui/widget/uitab.c

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ void uiTabInit(uitab_t *tab, const char_t *label) {
   assertNotNull(label, "Label cannot be NULL");
   memoryZero(tab, sizeof(uitab_t));
   tab->label = label;
+  textMeasure(label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &tab->labelWidth, &tab->labelHeight);
 }
 
 bool_t uiTabIsActive(const uitab_t *tab) {
@@ -38,12 +39,9 @@ errorret_t uiTabDraw(
 ) {
   assertNotNull(tab, "Tab cannot be NULL");
 
-  int32_t labelW, labelH;
-  textMeasure(tab->label, &FONT_DEFAULT, &labelW, &labelH);
-
   spritebatchsprite_t sprite = {
     .min = { x, y, 0.0f },
-    .max = { x + (float_t)labelW, y + (float_t)labelH, 0.0f },
+    .max = { x + (float_t)tab->labelWidth, y + (float_t)tab->labelHeight, 0.0f },
     .uvMin = { 0.0f, 0.0f },
     .uvMax = { 1.0f, 1.0f }
   };

src/dusk/ui/widget/uitab.h

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 typedef struct {
   const char_t *label;
   bool_t active;
+  int32_t labelWidth;
+  int32_t labelHeight;
 } uitab_t;
 
 /**

src/dusk/util/crypt.c

@@ -28,9 +28,3 @@ void cryptCRC32Update(uint32_t *crc, const void *data, const size_t size) {
 uint32_t cryptCRC32End(const uint32_t crc) {
   return ~crc;
 }
-
-uint32_t cryptCRC32(const void *data, const size_t size) {
-  uint32_t crc = cryptCRC32Begin();
-  cryptCRC32Update(&crc, data, size);
-  return cryptCRC32End(crc);
-}

src/dusk/util/crypt.h

@@ -8,15 +8,6 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "dusk.h"
 
-/**
- * Computes a CRC32 checksum over a block of data.
- *
- * @param data Pointer to the data to checksum.
- * @param size Number of bytes to checksum.
- * @return The CRC32 checksum.
- */
-uint32_t cryptCRC32(const void *data, const size_t size);
-
 /**
  * Returns the initial CRC32 accumulator value.
  *

src/dusk/util/memory.c

@@ -103,15 +103,6 @@ int_t memoryCompare(
   return memcmp(a, b, size);
 }
 
-void memoryReallocate(void **ptr, const size_t size) {
-  assertNotNull(ptr, "Cannot reallocate NULL pointer.");
-  assertTrue(size > 0, "Cannot reallocate to 0 bytes of memory.");
-  void *newPointer = memoryAllocate(size);
-  assertNotNull(newPointer, "Memory reallocation failed.");
-  memoryFree(*ptr);
-  *ptr = newPointer;
-}
-
 void memoryCopyInterleaved(
   void *dest,
   const size_t destStride,

src/dusk/util/memory.h

@@ -114,14 +114,6 @@ int_t memoryCompare(
   const size_t size
 );
 
-/**
- * Reallocates memory.
- * 
- * @param ptr The pointer to the memory to reallocate.
- * @param size The new size of the memory.
- */
-void memoryReallocate(void **ptr, const size_t size);
-
 /**
  * Reallocates memory, but copies existing data to the new memory.
  *

src/dusk/util/random.c

@@ -6,12 +6,15 @@
  */
 
 #include "random.h"
+#include "assert/assert.h"
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 float_t randomFloat(const float_t min, const float_t max) {
+  assertTrue(max > min, "randomFloat: max must be greater than min.");
   return min + ((float_t)rand() / (float_t)RAND_MAX) * (max - min);
 }
 
 int_t randomInt(const int_t min, const int_t max) {
+  assertTrue(max > min, "randomInt: max must be greater than min.");
   return min + (rand() % (max - min));
 }

src/duskgl/display/framebuffer/framebuffergl.c

@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@ uint32_t frameBufferGLGetWidth(const framebuffer_t *framebuffer) {
 
   if(framebuffer == &FRAMEBUFFER_BACKBUFFER) {
     #ifdef DUSK_DISPLAY_SIZE_DYNAMIC
-      int32_t windowWidth, windowHeight;
-      SDL_GetWindowSize(DISPLAY.window, &windowWidth, &windowHeight);
-      return windowWidth;
+      return DISPLAY.cachedWidth;
     #else
       return DUSK_DISPLAY_WIDTH;
     #endif
@@ -39,9 +37,7 @@ uint32_t frameBufferGLGetHeight(const framebuffer_t *framebuffer) {
 
   if(framebuffer == &FRAMEBUFFER_BACKBUFFER) {
     #ifdef DUSK_DISPLAY_SIZE_DYNAMIC
-      int32_t windowWidth, windowHeight;
-      SDL_GetWindowSize(DISPLAY.window, &windowWidth, &windowHeight);
-      return windowHeight;
+      return DISPLAY.cachedHeight;
     #else
       return DUSK_DISPLAY_HEIGHT;
     #endif

src/duskgl/display/mesh/meshgl.c

@@ -93,13 +93,11 @@ errorret_t meshFlushGL(
   #else
     glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh->vboId);
     errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-    glBufferData(
+    glBufferSubData(
       GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
-      mesh->vertexCount * sizeof(meshvertex_t),
-      mesh->vertices,
-      // vertCount * sizeof(meshvertex_t),
-      // &mesh->vertices[vertOffset],
-      GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW
+      vertOffset * sizeof(meshvertex_t),
+      vertCount * sizeof(meshvertex_t),
+      &mesh->vertices[vertOffset]
     );
     errorChain(errorGLCheck());
   #endif

src/duskgl/display/shader/shadergl.c

@@ -157,13 +157,28 @@ errorret_t shaderParamGetLocationGL(
   #ifdef DUSK_OPENGL_LEGACY
     assertUnreachable("Cannot get uniform locations on legacy opengl.");
   #else
+    for(uint8_t i = 0; i < shader->uniformCacheCount; i++) {
+      if(stringCompare(name, shader->uniformCache[i].name) == 0) {
+        *location = shader->uniformCache[i].location;
+        errorOk();
+      }
+    }
+
     *location = glGetUniformLocation(shader->shaderProgramId, name);
     errorChain(errorGLCheck());
     if(*location == -1) {
       errorThrow("Uniform '%s' not found in shader.", name);
     }
+
+    assertTrue(
+      shader->uniformCacheCount < SHADERGL_MAX_CACHED_UNIFORMS,
+      "Uniform cache is full; increase SHADERGL_MAX_CACHED_UNIFORMS."
+    );
+    shader->uniformCache[shader->uniformCacheCount].name = name;
+    shader->uniformCache[shader->uniformCacheCount].location = *location;
+    shader->uniformCacheCount++;
   #endif
-  
+
   errorOk();
 }
 

src/duskgl/display/shader/shadergl.h

@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ typedef struct {
   #endif
 } shaderdefinitiongl_t;
 
+/** Number of distinct uniform names a single shader instance can cache. */
+#define SHADERGL_MAX_CACHED_UNIFORMS 8
+
 typedef struct shadergl_s {
   const shaderdefinitiongl_t *definition;
 
@@ -41,6 +44,12 @@ typedef struct shadergl_s {
     GLuint shaderProgramId;
     GLuint vertexShaderId;
     GLuint fragmentShaderId;
+
+    struct {
+      const char_t *name;
+      GLint location;
+    } uniformCache[SHADERGL_MAX_CACHED_UNIFORMS];
+    uint8_t uniformCacheCount;
   #endif
 } shadergl_t;
 

src/duskgl/display/shader/shaderunlitgl.c

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
     .setMaterial = shaderUnlitSetMaterial,
   };
 #else
+  // Last-uploaded palette for the (single, global) unlit shader instance;
+  // skips rebuilding/re-uploading the color array when it hasn't changed.
+  static palette_t *SHADER_UNLIT_LAST_PALETTE = NULL;
+
   errorret_t shaderUnlitSetTextureGL(
     shadergl_t *shader,
     const char_t *name,
@@ -52,23 +56,27 @@
       glUniform1i(locType, 2);
       errorChain(errorGLCheck());
 
-      shaderParamGetLocationGL(shader, "u_ColorCount", &locColorCount);
-      glUniform1i(locColorCount, texture->palette->count);
-      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+      if(texture->palette != SHADER_UNLIT_LAST_PALETTE) {
+        shaderParamGetLocationGL(shader, "u_ColorCount", &locColorCount);
+        glUniform1i(locColorCount, texture->palette->count);
+        errorChain(errorGLCheck());
 
-      shaderParamGetLocationGL(shader, "u_Colors", &locColors);
-      GLuint paletteData[texture->palette->count];
-      for(size_t i = 0; i < texture->palette->count; i++) {
-        color_t color = texture->palette->colors[i];
-        paletteData[i] = (
-          ((uint32_t)color.r << 24) |
-          ((uint32_t)color.g << 16) |
-          ((uint32_t)color.b << 8)  |
-          ((uint32_t)color.a << 0)
-        );
+        shaderParamGetLocationGL(shader, "u_Colors", &locColors);
+        GLuint paletteData[texture->palette->count];
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < texture->palette->count; i++) {
+          color_t color = texture->palette->colors[i];
+          paletteData[i] = (
+            ((uint32_t)color.r << 24) |
+            ((uint32_t)color.g << 16) |
+            ((uint32_t)color.b << 8)  |
+            ((uint32_t)color.a << 0)
+          );
+        }
+        glUniform1uiv(locColors, texture->palette->count, paletteData);
+        errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+
+        SHADER_UNLIT_LAST_PALETTE = texture->palette;
       }
-      glUniform1uiv(locColors, texture->palette->count, paletteData);
-      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
     } else {
       glUniform1i(locType, 1);
       errorChain(errorGLCheck());

src/dusksdl2/display/displaysdl2.c

@@ -10,7 +10,12 @@
 #include "display/displaygl.h"
 #include "error/errorgl.h"
 
+static displaystate_t DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE = { 0 };
+static bool_t DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE_VALID = false;
+
 errorret_t displaySDL2Init(void) {
+  DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE_VALID = false;
+
   uint32_t flags = SDL_INIT_VIDEO;
   #ifdef DUSK_INPUT_GAMEPAD
     flags |= SDL_INIT_GAMECONTROLLER | SDL_INIT_JOYSTICK;
@@ -57,7 +62,9 @@ errorret_t displaySDL2Init(void) {
   errorChain(errorGLCheck());
 
   errorChain(displayOpenGLInit());
-  
+
+  SDL_GetWindowSize(DISPLAY.window, &DISPLAY.cachedWidth, &DISPLAY.cachedHeight);
+
   errorChain(errorGLCheck());
   errorOk();
 }
@@ -77,11 +84,19 @@ errorret_t displaySDL2Update(void) {
             ENGINE.running = false;
             break;
           }
-          
+
+          case SDL_WINDOWEVENT_RESIZED:
+          case SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SIZE_CHANGED: {
+            DISPLAY.cachedWidth = event.window.data1;
+            DISPLAY.cachedHeight = event.window.data2;
+            break;
+          }
+
           default: {
             break;
           }
         }
+        break;
       }
 
       default: {
@@ -103,42 +118,57 @@ errorret_t displaySDL2Swap(void) {
 }
 
 errorret_t displaySDL2SetState(displaystate_t state) {
-  if(state.flags & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_CULL) {
-    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-    glCullFace(GL_BACK);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-  } else {
-    glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+  uint8_t changed = DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE_VALID
+    ? (state.flags ^ DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE.flags)
+    : 0xFF;
+
+  if(changed & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_CULL) {
+    if(state.flags & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_CULL) {
+      glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+      glCullFace(GL_BACK);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+    } else {
+      glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+    }
   }
 
-  if(state.flags & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_DEPTH_TEST) {
-    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-    glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-    glClearDepth(1.0f);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-  } else {
-    glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+  if(changed & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_DEPTH_TEST) {
+    if(state.flags & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_DEPTH_TEST) {
+      glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+      glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+      glClearDepth(1.0f);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+    } else {
+      glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+    }
   }
 
-  if(state.flags & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_BLEND) {
-    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
-  } else {
-    glDisable(GL_BLEND);
-    errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+  if(changed & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_BLEND) {
+    if(state.flags & DISPLAY_STATE_FLAG_BLEND) {
+      glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+      glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+    } else {
+      glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+      errorChain(errorGLCheck());
+    }
   }
 
+  DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE = state;
+  DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE_VALID = true;
+
   errorOk();
 }
 
 void displaySDL2Dispose(void) {
+  DISPLAY_STATE_CACHE_VALID = false;
+
   if(DISPLAY.glContext) {
     SDL_GL_DeleteContext(DISPLAY.glContext);
     DISPLAY.glContext = NULL;

src/dusksdl2/display/displaysdl2.h

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ typedef struct {
   SDL_Window *window;
   SDL_GLContext glContext;
   bool_t usingShaderedPalettes;
+  int32_t cachedWidth;
+  int32_t cachedHeight;
 } displaysdl2_t;
 
 /**

test/util/test_memory.c

@@ -326,39 +326,6 @@ static void test_memoryCompare(void **state) {
   assert_int_equal(memoryGetAllocatedCount(), 0);
 }
 
-static void test_memoryReallocate(void **state) {
-  
-
-  size_t initialSize = 16;
-  void *ptr = memoryAllocate(initialSize);
-  assert_non_null(ptr);
-
-  // Reallocate to a larger size
-  size_t newSize = 32;
-  memoryReallocate(&ptr, newSize);
-  assert_non_null(ptr);
-
-  // Reallocate to a smaller size
-  size_t smallerSize = 8;
-  memoryReallocate(&ptr, smallerSize);
-  assert_non_null(ptr);
-
-  // Cannot realloc to size 0
-  expect_assert_failure(memoryReallocate(&ptr, 0));
-
-  // Cannot realloc NULL pointer
-  expect_assert_failure(memoryReallocate(NULL, 16));
-
-  // Cannot reallocate more memory than possible
-  expect_assert_failure(memoryReallocate(&ptr, SIZE_MAX));
-
-  // All we really care about is that the pointer is valid after reallocations
-  memoryFree(ptr);
-
-  // Expect no leaks
-  assert_int_equal(memoryGetAllocatedCount(), 0);
-}
-
 static void test_memoryResize(void **state) {
   
 
@@ -514,7 +481,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     cmocka_unit_test(test_memoryCopyRangeSafe),
     cmocka_unit_test(test_memoryMove),
     cmocka_unit_test(test_memoryCompare),
-    cmocka_unit_test(test_memoryReallocate),
     cmocka_unit_test(test_memoryResize),
     cmocka_unit_test(test_memoryCopyInterleaved),
   };